Protocercal - определение. Что такое Protocercal
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Что (кто) такое Protocercal - определение

STUDY OF THE FORM OR MORPHOLOGY OF FISHES
Pterygiophore:; Soft ray; Fin spine; Fat fin; Protocercal; Fish, anatomy of; Anatomy of fish; Fish vertebra; Fish head (anatomy); Fish (anatomy); Fish skeleton; Reproductive organs of fish; Nervous systems of fish; Fish ovaries; Fish heart; Pyloric caecae; Soft rays
  • Fish scales. 1: Cycloid scale; 2: Ctenoid scale; 3: Placcoid scale; 4: Ganoid scale
  • Anatomical directions]] and axes
  • The lateral line is clearly visible as a line of receptors running along the side of this [[Atlantic cod]].
  • barbel]]s on the head of a fish
  • Singular bowfin cycloid scale.
  • 1) Sagittal view of the anus and urogenital opening. 2) Ventral view of the anus and urogenital opening.
  • Bowfin cycloid scales.
  • dorsal]] portion is usually larger than the [[ventral]] portion.
  • The [[black swallower]] is a species of [[deep sea fish]] with an extensible stomach which allows it to swallow fish larger than itself.
  • 1=7 – testicles or ovaries}}
  • alt=Anatomical diagram showing the pairs of olfactory, [[telencephalon]], and optic lobes, followed by the [[cerebellum]] and the [[myelencephalon]]
  • 305x305px
  • Fish scales. A: Ganoid; B: Cycloid; C: Ctenoid
  • 250px
  • The [[haddock]], a type of [[cod]], is ray-finned. It has three dorsal and two anal fins.
  • Skeleton of a [[bony fish]]
  •  pmc=3415153 }}</ref><br />(a) immature; (b) maturing; (c) mature; (d) partially spent (scale {{=}} 1 cm)}}
  • Heart ventricle]], D=[[Liver]] (cut), E=[[Stomach]], F=[[Pyloric caeca]], G=[[Swim bladder]], H=[[Intestine]], I=[[Testis]], J=[[Urinary bladder]]}}
  • [[Moray eels]] have two sets of jaws: the oral jaws that capture prey and the pharyngeal jaws that advance into the mouth and move prey from the oral jaws to the [[esophagus]] for swallowing.
  • Placoid scales from a shark. A: Epidermis; B: Dermis; C: Pulp core; D: Dentine; E: Basal plate; F: Enamel; G: Spine
  • Types of [[caudal fin]]:<br/>heterocercal (A), protocercal (B), homocercal (C), and diphycercal (D).}}
  • Cross-section of the brain of a [[porbeagle shark]] with the cerebellum highlighted
  • Gill of a [[rainbow trout]]
  • Positions of fish mouths: terminal (a), superior (b), and subterminal or inferior (c).
  • Skull bones as they appear in a [[seahorse]]
  • bass]] showing the vertebral column running from the head to the tail
  • The swim bladder of a [[rudd]]}}
  • Skeletal structure of an [[Atlantic cod]]
  • Cycloid scale.
  • homocercal]] caudal fin, finlets and keels.
  • Internal organs]] of a female [[Atlantic cod]]:<br/>1=[[Liver]], 2=[[Gas bladder]], 3=[[Ovary]], 4=[[Pyloric caeca]], 5=[[Stomach]], 6=[[Intestine]]}}
  • Blood flow through the heart: sinus venosus, atrium, ventricle, and outflow tract}}

Protocercal         
·adj Having a caudal fin extending around the end of the vertebral column, like that which is first formed in the embryo of fishes; diphycercal.

Википедия

Fish anatomy

Fish anatomy is the study of the form or morphology of fish. It can be contrasted with fish physiology, which is the study of how the component parts of fish function together in the living fish. In practice, fish anatomy and fish physiology complement each other, the former dealing with the structure of a fish, its organs or component parts and how they are put together, such as might be observed on the dissecting table or under the microscope, and the latter dealing with how those components function together in living fish.

The anatomy of fish is often shaped by the physical characteristics of water, the medium in which fish live. Water is much denser than air, holds a relatively small amount of dissolved oxygen, and absorbs more light than air does. The body of a fish is divided into a head, trunk and tail, although the divisions between the three are not always externally visible. The skeleton, which forms the support structure inside the fish, is either made of cartilage (cartilaginous fish) or bone (bony fish). The main skeletal element is the vertebral column, composed of articulating vertebrae which are lightweight yet strong. The ribs attach to the spine and there are no limbs or limb girdles. The main external features of the fish, the fins, are composed of either bony or soft spines called rays which, with the exception of the caudal fins, have no direct connection with the spine. They are supported by the muscles which compose the main part of the trunk. The heart has two chambers and pumps the blood through the respiratory surfaces of the gills and then around the body in a single circulatory loop. The eyes are adapted for seeing underwater and have only local vision. There is an inner ear but no external or middle ear. Low frequency vibrations are detected by the lateral line system of sense organs that run along the length of the sides of fish, which responds to nearby movements and to changes in water pressure.

Sharks and rays are basal fish with numerous primitive anatomical features similar to those of ancient fish, including skeletons composed of cartilage. Their bodies tend to be dorso-ventrally flattened, and they usually have five pairs of gill slits and a large mouth set on the underside of the head. The dermis is covered with separate dermal placoid scales. They have a cloaca into which the urinary and genital passages open, but not a swim bladder. Cartilaginous fish produce a small number of large yolky eggs. Some species are ovoviviparous, having the young develop internally, but others are oviparous and the larvae develop externally in egg cases.

The bony fish lineage shows more derived anatomical traits, often with major evolutionary changes from the features of ancient fish. They have a bony skeleton, are generally laterally flattened, have five pairs of gills protected by an operculum, and a mouth at or near the tip of the snout. The dermis is covered with overlapping scales. Bony fish have a swim bladder which helps them maintain a constant depth in the water column, but not a cloaca. They mostly spawn a large number of small eggs with little yolk which they broadcast into the water column.